Artaxerxes ii biography books

King of the Achaemenid Power from 405/4 to 359/8 BC

Arses (Ancient Greek: Ἄρσης; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known outdo his regnal name Artaxerxes II (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂Artaxšaçāʰ; Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire spread 405/4 BC to 358 BC.

He was the son topmost successor of Darius II (r. 423 – 405/4 BC) and his mother was Parysatis.

Soon after his declaration, Artaxerxes II faced opposition exotic his younger brother Cyrus loftiness Younger, who assembled an armed force composed of troops from sovereignty Lydian and Ionian satrapies thanks to well as Greek mercenaries acquit yourself his bid for the moderate.

The forces of the brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in illustriousness defeat and death of Prince. Following this, Artaxerxes II abstruse to contend with several in the opposite direction revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I (r. 411–374 BC) in Cyprus betwixt 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c. 380 BC, and well-nigh importantly, the revolts by class western satraps (known as glory Great Satraps' Revolt) in picture 360s and 350s BC, ill-behaved by distinguished figures such monkey Datames, Ariobarzanes, and Autophradates.

The rulers of the Parthian Command notably considered Artaxerxes II their progenitor.

Name and etymology

The open name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in Greek, Arses (Ἄρσης; Babylonian: Aršu), derived reject the Old Persian*Ṛšā- ("man", "hero"). He was also widely proverbial by the hypocorism Aršak, which is attested in several European forms including Arsikas (Plutarch), Arsakas and Arsaces (Persica).

From Arsaces also derives the name acquire the Arsacid dynasty, which ruled the Parthian Empire and stated descent from Artaxerxes II himself.

Artaxerxēs (Αρταξέρξης) is the Greek transliteration of the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth"). It is known in provoke languages as; ElamiteIr-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša, Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša; AkkadianAr-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su; Middle PersianArdaxšēr and New PersianArdašīr.

Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II decency epithet "Mnemon" (Ancient Greek: Μνήμων; Old Persian: abiataka), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory."

Historiography

The life and reign of Irani II is mostly attested score classical Greek sources, which usually focuses on the history bring into play the western front.

However, question paper to Artaxerxes II's younger fellow Cyrus the Younger recruiting several Greeks during his rebellion realize his brother, the reign not later than Artaxerxes II is well accurate until Cyrus' death at interpretation Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. Following that, detailed intelligence on the rest of Irani II's reign become much solon sparse.

Plutarch, when writing his Life of Artaxerxes II, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a bloody others as references.

The out of a job is the only biography identical an Achaemenid king. According compel to the modern historian Carsten Envelope, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source chastisement information" and that it "should be treated with the central point caution".

Background and early life

Arses was the eldest son of Darius II, who ruled the Iranian Achaemenid Empire from 424 attack 405/4 BC.

His mother was Parysatis, a half-sister of Darius II. His age at brusque is variously given as 86 (Lucian) and 94 (Dinon) adulthood, which would place his lineage around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424, while other author states that he was "at least in his subdue seventies in the early 360s".^[14] Darius II and Parysatis difficult thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely.

Thus the sui generis incomparabl known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Prince, Ostanes, Oxathres, and an sr. sister, Amestris.

With the exception unconscious Arsaces and Cyrus, not even is known about the family tree of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely constitutional in 424/423 BC, just afterwards the accession of Darius II.

In 408 BC, at loftiness age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, attend to Cappadocia. He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of birth Persian force stationed at Castolus, east of the city be useful to Sardis. Cyrus was given position title of karanos (Old Iranian: *Karana), which greatly expanded wreath authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to energy largely autonomous.

Before his accession, Arsaces married Stateira, the daughter nominate the Persian nobleman Hydarnes, who was descended from Hydarnes, round off of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis.

Picture marriage was part of top-notch political alliance that Darius locked away sought during his early alien, due to facing opposition contradict his rule. Amestris was as well married to Hydarnes' son Terituchmes, while Hydarnes was appointed class satrap of Hyrcania.

When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side. According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek hoplites.

Biographer, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, importation she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as jurisdiction heir, as the position was still vacant. Modern historians painstakingly Plutarch's account, and state go Arsaces must have already back number chosen as heir previously, likely several years earlier.

During the institution of Arsaces at the south capital of Pasargadae, Cyrus ostensibly attempted to have his relation assassinated.

The plan was spread at risk by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention penalty Parysatis and sent back success Asia Minor. The authenticity mock this event is deemed dawdle by modern historians. According form Binder, the transition of govern between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful. During jurisdiction investiture, Arsaces adopted the govern name of Artaxerxes.

Reign

Dynastic conflict constant Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)

Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on unornamented military expedition to attack grandeur Pisidians had many flaws digress led him to believe ditch Cyrus was planning to revolution.

These claims became realized like that which Cyrus began to seek governmental support for his campaign. Prince found support from Sparta, who sent soldiers to aid birth campaign against Artaxerxes II. Especially, Cyrus found support from pure Persian kingdom of Cilicia, who contributed to the effort attempt funds. During this time, advantage to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up straighten up force to contend with potentate younger brother's revolt.^[24]

By the meaning of Darius II's death, Prince had already been successful dilemma defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a full army made up of fillet initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond.

Upon hearing concede his father's death, Cyrus nobility Younger declared his claim cut into the throne, based on dignity argument that he was ethnic to Darius and Parysatis later Darius had ascended to say publicly throne, while Artaxerxes was by birth prior to Darius II's attainment the throne.

Artaxerxes II first wanted to resolve the instability peacefully, but the negotiations knock through.^[25] Cyrus also ran collide with issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes.

Irani defended his position against emperor brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of fastidious large army of Greek mercenaries called the "Ten Thousand", attempted to usurp the throne. Conj albeit Cyrus' mixed army fought acknowledge a tactical victory at high-mindedness Battle of Cunaxa in City (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange invitation Mithridates, rendering his victory inapplicable.

The Greek historian Xenophon, being one of the leaders diagram the Greek troops, would after recount this battle in class Anabasis, focusing on the struggling of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home.

Conflict averse Sparta (396-387 BC)

Main article: Hedonist War

Artaxerxes became involved in clever war with Persia's erstwhile alinement, the Spartans, during the Hellene War (395-387 BC).

The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Aggregation Minor in 396–395 BC. Get tangled redirect the Spartans' attention support Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes; in particular, blue blood the gentry Athenians, Thebans, and Corinthians customary massives subsidies. Tens of billions of darics, the main notes acceptance in Achaemenid coinage, were drippy to bribe the Greek states to start a war destroy Sparta.^[26] These subsidies helped concern engage the Spartans in what would become known as nobleness Corinthian War.

According to Biographer, Agesilaus said upon leaving Collection Minor, "I have been impelled out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for righteousness darics from their obverse originate, because that much money abstruse been paid to politicians outing Athens and Thebes to get down to it a war against Sparta.^[27][26][28]

The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed be selected for utterly destroy the Spartan stroke at the Battle of Cnidus (394 BC).

After that, ethics Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, Pharnabazus II, together with badger Athenian admiral Conon, raided authority coasts of Peloponnesia, putting enhanced pressure on the Spartans. That encouraged the resurgence of Athinai, which started to bring bring to an end under her control the Hellene cities of Asia Minor, non-standard thusly worrying Artaxerxes II that sovereign Athenian allies were becoming as well powerful.

Final agreement with City (387 BC)

In 386 BC, King II betrayed his allies stall came to an arrangement region Sparta, and in the Accord of Antalcidas, he forced top erstwhile allies to come give somebody the job of terms. This treaty restored thoughtfulness of the Greek cities warning sign Ionia and Aeolis on glory Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance mould the Greek mainland.

In 385 BC, he campaigned against probity Cadusians.

Egypt campaign (373 BC)

Although successful against the Greeks, Irani had more trouble with ethics Egyptians, who had successfully nauseated against him at the dawn of his reign. An strive to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command show signs of Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was completely unsuccessful, but manifestation his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat unembellished joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to get the better of Phoenicia.

Unfolding of the Afrasian campaign

In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II keep help command a military trip into rebellious Egypt, having demonstrated his ability against the Spartans.^[29]

After four years of preparations take on the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered barney expeditionary force of 200,000 Farsi troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates.^[30] The Achaemenid Empire had along with been applying pressure on Athinai to recall the Greek common Chabrias, who was in depiction service of the Egyptians, however in vain.

The Egyptian chief Nectanebo I was thus wiry by Athenian General Chabrias reprove his mercenaries.^[32]

The Achaemenid force numberless in Egypt with the Hellene general Iphicrates near Mendes razorsharp 373 BC.^[33] The expedition coarsely was too slow, giving intention to the Egyptians to rise defenses.

Pharnabazus and Iphicrates arrived before Pelusium, but retired penurious attacking it, Nectanebo I, smart of Egypt, having added analysis its former defences by put down the neighboring lands under o and blocking up the clear channels of the Nile shy embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates c.

5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac arm of the Nile ordered by means of Nectanebo forced the enemy convoy to seek another way anticipate sail up the Nile. Sooner the fleet managed to underline its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this glasses case, the mutual distrust that confidential arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from accomplishment Memphis.

Then, the annual River flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their occupancy turned what had initially comed as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops attain a complete victory.

After several weeks, the Persians and their Hellenic mercenaries under Iphicrates had tolerate re-embark.

The expedition against Empire had failed.^[33] It was integrity end of the career sequester Pharnabazus, who was now apply to 70 years old.^[35] Pharnabazus was replaced by Datames to show the way a second expedition to Empire, but he failed and redouble started the "Satraps' Revolt" combat the Great King.^[35]

Revolt of nobleness Satraps (372-362 BC)

Main article: Pleasant Satraps' Revolt

The Achaemenid defeat notes Egypt led to unrest in the middle of the Achaemenid nobility.

From 372 BC, many western satrapies carp the Achaemenid Empire started stand firm rebel against Artaxerxes II, contain the Great Satraps' Revolt, prototype with the powerful satrap Datames. Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames locked away been entrusted by the Farsi king with the chief boss of a force designed pray for the recovery of Egypt, on the other hand the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, ride the risks to which fiasco was in consequence exposed, elicited him to change his scheme, and throw off his cooperation to the king.

He withdrew with the troops under king command into Cappadocia, and easy common cause with the bottle up satraps who were revolting break Persia.

The Pharaoh Nectanebo on condition that financial support to the mutineer satraps and re-established ties chart both Sparta and Athens. Irani II finally quashed the outbreak of the satraps by 362 BC.

Peace mediation in character Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)

Artaxerxes carry on attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states discuss the time of the Hellene hegemony, especially the Theban–Spartan Contention. He sent Philiscus of Town, a hyparch (vice-regent) and soldierly commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes, to Delphi in prime to help the Greek smokescreen peace.^[37][38][39] The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such bash into help broker a Common Without interruption between the Greek belligerents reunited at Delphi.^[39] The negotiation fallen when Thebes refused to reimburse Messenia to the Spartans.^[39]

Before incessant to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an concourse for the Spartans, suggesting lose concentration he was acting in stickup of the Spartans from righteousness beginning.^[39] With the Achaemenid contumely of a new army, Metropolis was able to continue goodness war.^[40] Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans.^[37] Prohibited also probably provided funds unearth the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the Tedious, to help them recover significance Chersonese militarily.^[37] Both Philiscus arena Ariobarzanes were made citizens close the eyes to Athens, a remarkable honor characteristic of important services rendered to influence city-state.^[37]

During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, honesty Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa talk to attempts to obtain the keep up of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict.^[39] Description Achaemenid king proposed a advanced peace treaty, this time tremendously tilted in favour of Metropolis, which required Messenia to endure independent and that the Hellene fleet to be dismantled.

That Peace proposal was rejected near most Greek parties except Thebes.^[41][40]

Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with influence Persian king's support of City, decided to provide careful bellicose support to the opponents virtuous the Achaemenid king. Athens avoid Sparta provided support for probity revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes.

Sparta sent a force belong Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II, while Athens sent a-one force under Timotheus, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king.^[40][38] An Athenian mercenary intensity under Chabrias was also purport to the Egyptian Pharaoh Tachos, who was also fighting destroy the Achaemenid king.^[40]

Building projects

Much slap Artaxerxes' wealth was spent in the bag building projects.

He restored picture Palace of Darius I disagree with Susa,^[43] and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt unexpected defeat the south-east corner of dignity enclosure and gave Ecbatana nifty new apadana and sculptures.

Tomb at Persepolis

The tomb of Irani II is located at City, and was built on grandeur model of his predecessors slate Naqsh-e Rustam.

On the low-down register of the tomb materialize reliefs of the Emperor, corroborated by the soldiers of go into battle ethnicities of the Empire. Keep on the lintel over each personage appears a trilingual inscription chronicling each ethnicity.^[42] These are admitted collectively as "Inscription A2Pa".

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Upper Relief of the tomb leave undone Artaxerxes II.

• Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief

Religious policies

Since the reign of Darius depiction Great (r. 522–486 BC), Achaemenid inscriptions set up mention of unnamed gods analogous Ahura Mazda, who was putative the supreme god of position Zoroastrian pantheon by the queenly family.

It was first go under the surface Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were mere. In a trilingual inscription fatigued Susa, he invokes the deities Anahita and Mithra alongside Ahura Mazda.

Artaxerxes II was thus description first known Achaemenid king take a breather recognize Anahita, who was loftiness divinity of "the Waters" very last hence associated with fertility, therapy action towards and wisdom.

He promoted depiction worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the celeb across the empire. This be part of the cause the cities of Ecbatana, Susa, and Babylon.

The temple of Anahita in Istakhr was also nigh likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of class 3rd century AD, the mosque was repaired and adorned unresponsive to the Persian Sasanian family, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple.

Legacy

The Persian Imperium under Artaxerxes II was viewed^{[by whom?]} as a political hold sway that had many unfortunate riders, such as the many wars with Greece.

One aspect competition his legacy which would fake great influence upon his like greased lightning was his conflict with Prince the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the toughness vacuum that followed, allowing excellence Satrap Revolt and the insurgency of Egypt. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his complex to restore monuments of monarch predecessors.

His largest restoration was that of the Palace subtract Darius in Susa. He would also be remembered for her highness tomb in Persepolis.

The outlook of Artaxerxes from contemporary overseas sources depicts him in a-okay similar light to his coming out among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with hang around conflicts and shortcomings of King II in his ability give somebody no option but to control his empire.

Greek multiplicity also focus on his pressure in his court with climax harem and eunuchs, as nonthreatening person Claudius Aelianus's accounts of Aspasia of Phocaea and Tiridates. European sources portray Artaxerxes II monkey sad in his reign.^[48]

Identification

The Individual high priest Johanan is twig in the Elephantine papyri^[49][50] old school to 407 BC, i.e., nearby Darius II's reign, and obey also mentioned in Ezra6:10 fend for the reign of Darius (Ezra 6:1) and during the aspire of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1), thereby supporting the chronological sequence.

Amongst others, it has been not compulsory that Artaxerxes II was position Ahasuerus mentioned in the Publication of Esther. Plutarch in her majesty Lives (AD 75) records substitute names Oarses and Arsicas reserve Artaxerxes II Mnemon given afford Deinon (c. 360–340 BC^[51]) celebrated Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician^[52]) respectively.^[53] These derive from the Iranian name Khshayarsha as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found bear witness to a contemporary inscription (LBAT 162^[54]).

These sources thus arguably make out Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II unimportant person light of the names lax in the Hebrew and Hellenic sources and accords with magnanimity contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus splendid Berossus^[55] as well as common with Al-Tabari and Masudi's shaping of events. The 13th hundred Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in emperor Chronography, also identifies Ahasuerus pass for Artaxerxes II citing the onesixth century AD historian John revenue Ephesus.^[56][57]

Issue

Artaxerxes II is reported stop with have had a number have a high opinion of wives.

His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis break through about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have complicate than 115 sons from 350 wives.^[59]

By Stateira

Darius (probably aged anxious 50 in 366 BC)^[60]

Ariaspes make public Ariarathes

Ochus (Artaxerxes III)

Rhodogune, wife magnetize satrap Orontes I

Atossa, wife insensible Artaxerxes III

Sisygambis, mother of Darius III

By other wives

Arsames

Mithridates

Phriapatius(?), probable foregoer of Arsacids

Amestris, wife of King II

Apama, wife of Pharnabazus

Ocha, matriarch of an unnamed wife supporting Artaxerxes III

The unnamed wife regard Tissaphernes

112 other unnamed sons

See also

References

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