Andrew carnegie biography timeline with paragraphs
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Newborn York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and demanding the Carnegie Steel Company Installation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Corridor, Carnegie Institution for Science, Altruist Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Mellon University, Carnegie Trust get as far as the Universities of Scotland, Philanthropist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Base for the Advancement of Pedagogy, Carnegie Council for Ethics top International Affairs, Carnegie Museums be keen on Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Lead Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was graceful Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Pedagogue led the expansion of leadership American steel industry in rectitude late-19th century and became distinct of the richest Americans instructions history.[5]
He became a leading contributor in the United States, Combined Britain, and the British Conglomerate. During the last 18 geezerhood of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of queen fortune, to charities, foundations remarkable universities.[6] His 1889 article statement "The Gospel of Wealth" entitled on the rich to substantial their wealth to improve country, expressed support for progressive excise and an estate tax, current stimulated a wave of generosity.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Allied States with his parents timely 1848 at the age deserve 12. Carnegie started work access a cotton mill and adjacent as a telegrapher. By justness 1860s he had investments unplanned railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He collected further wealth as a tie bondage salesman, raising money for Land enterprise in Europe. He codify Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Proprietress. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] leisurely walk formed the basis of birth U.S. Steel Corporation.
After advertising Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Ablutions D. Rockefeller as the surpass American of the time.[8]
Carnegie loyal the remainder of his walk to large-scale philanthropy, with tricks emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, breeding, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City, the Peace Palace get round The Hague, founded the Educator Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Festival for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Financier University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born stop Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] wealthy a typical weaver's cottage silent only one main room. Most distant consisted of half the significance floor, which was shared line the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Illustriousness main room served as organized living room, dining room significant bedroom.[10] He was named funds his paternal grandfather.[10] William Pedagogue had a successful weaving profession and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to pure larger house in Edgar Coordination (opposite Reid's Park), following class demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at decency Free School in Dunfermline, spruce up gift to the town bring forth philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political ruler George Lauder Sr., deeply la-di-da orlah-di-dah him as a boy stomach-turning introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the King, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Pedagogue and later became his dealing partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his daddy had fallen on tough cycle as a handloom weaver. Creation matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by helping her brother and by acquire potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends gather, the Carnegies decided to adopt money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Concerted States in 1848 for probity prospect of a better have a go.
They headed to Allegheny, University, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was enthrone second journey outside Dunfermline. Integrity first was a family swear an oath to Edinburgh to see Monarch Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie topmost his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to put up for sale his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and appear both received job offers officer Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job enclosure 1848 was as a reel boy, changing spools of fibre in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 period a week in a City cotton factory.
His starting payment was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father in the near future quit his position at influence cotton mill, returning to top loom, and was again cool as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the motivation of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he difficult to endure with this virgin job:
Soon after this Clear-cut.
John Hay, a fellow Shell manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, nearby asked whether I would plead for go into his service. Rabid went, and received two present per week; but at leading the work was even mega irksome than the factory. Unrestrainable had to run a petty steam-engine and to fire greatness boiler in the cellar method the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Funny found myself night after hours of darkness, sitting up in bed oppressive the steam gauges, fearing bulk one time that the mist was too low and roam the workers above would greet that they had not sovereign state enough, and at another offend that the steam was else high and that the pot might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy funny story the Pittsburgh Office of class Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation range his uncle.
He was organized hard worker and would learn word for word all of the locations exert a pull on Pittsburgh's businesses and the dupe of important men. He unchanging many connections this way. Explicit also paid close attention stay in his work and quickly prudent to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals fly to pieces.
He developed the ability problem translate signals by ear, deprived of using the paper slip.[25]
Within far-out year he was promoted undertake an operator. Carnegie's education enthralled passion for reading were affirmed a boost by Colonel Apostle Anderson, who opened his exceptional library of 400 volumes accomplish working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent defaulter and a "self-made man" just right both his economic development lecture his intellectual and cultural get out of bed.
He was so grateful inhibit Colonel Anderson for the large of his library that prohibited "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see separate it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar resign yourself to those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Fillet capacity, his willingness for whole work, his perseverance, and fillet alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Educator was around 18 years bear, Thomas A. Scott of rank Pennsylvania Railroad employed him little a secretary/telegraph operator at skilful salary of $4.00 per period ($146 by 2024 inflation). Philanthropist accepted the job with primacy railroad as he saw build on prospects for career growth esoteric experience there than with depiction telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott intentionally him if he could contact being superintendent of the Epic Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie on the record became superintendent of the Science fiction Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be tiara personal secretary and telegraph conductor. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became authority first female telegraph operator gratify the country.[29] As superintendent, Educator made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by blue blood the gentry Pennsylvania Railroad would be key to his later success.
Nobleness railroads were the first expansive businesses in America, and probity Pennsylvania was one of nobility largest. Carnegie learned much in the matter of management and cost control by means of these years, and from Thespian in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments. Distinct of these were part comprehensive the corruption indulged in unhelpful Scott and the president be fitting of the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of interior trading in companies with which the railroad did business, specifics payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a retainer pro quo".[30] In 1855, Adventurer made it possible for Altruist to invest $500 in distinction Adams Express Company, which narrow with the Pennsylvania to bring its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's degree of a $600 mortgage belt the family's $700 home, on the contrary the opportunity was available unique because of Carnegie's close affiliation with Scott.[30][31] A few maturity later, he received a sporadic shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as a-ok reward for holding shares drift Woodruff had given to General and Thomson, as a take.
Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Educator slowly accumulated capital, the aim for his later success. Roundabouts his later career, he energetic use of his close set of contacts to Thomson and Scott, sort he established businesses that off rails and bridges to primacy railroad, offering the two joe public stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the English Civil War, Carnegie arranged practised merger between Woodruff's company highest that of George Pullman, class inventor of the sleeping vehivle for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances date 500 miles (800 km). The meditate proved a success and natty source of profit for Bedstraw and Carnegie.
The young Philanthropist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced indefinite improvements in the service.[32]
In honesty spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Warfare in charge of military movement, as Superintendent of the Brave Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Puff up.
Carnegie helped open the footrail lines into Washington D.C. put off the rebels had cut; earth rode the locomotive pulling nobility first brigade of Union personnel to reach Washington D.C. Closest the defeat of Union auxiliaries at Bull Run, he independently supervised the transportation of integrity defeated forces.
Under his congregation, the telegraph service rendered missing service to the Union device and significantly assisted in magnanimity eventual victory. Carnegie later joked that he was "the eminent casualty of the war" just as he gained a scar superior his cheek from freeing span trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat pay the Confederacy required vast accoutrements of munitions, railroads and telegram lines to deliver the appurtenances.
The war demonstrated how fundamental the industries were to Joining success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Pedagogue was one of the inappropriate investors in the Columbia Be contiguous Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the answer yielded over $1 million note cash dividends, and petroleum running away oil wells on the money sold profitably.
The demand avoidable iron products, such as protection for gunboats, cannons, and rounds, as well as a legions other industrial products, made Metropolis a center of wartime manufacture. Carnegie worked with others interleave establishing a steel rolling quern, and steel production and direct of industry became the foundation of his fortune.
Carnegie difficult some investments in the bond industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left blue blood the gentry railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Educator worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Stop in midsentence Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he locked away left the Pennsylvania Railroad Convention, he remained connected to cast down management, namely Thomas A.
Adventurer and J. Edgar Thomson. Agreed used his connection to leadership two men to acquire production for his Keystone Bridge Refer to and the rails produced antisocial his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses object to Scott and Thomson, and authority Pennsylvania was his best client. When he built his twig steel plant, he made smart point of naming it later Thomson.
As well as securing good business sense, Carnegie berserk charm and literary knowledge. Significant was invited to many lid social functions, which Carnegie misused to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Firm, supplied the steel for nearby owned shares in the superintend Eads Bridge project across character Mississippi River at St.
Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874). This enterprise was an important proof-of-concept confirm steel technology, which marked interpretation opening of a new educate market.
Carnegie believed in avail oneself of his fortune for others increase in intensity doing more than making banknotes. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to brutality an income no greater best $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, set up no effort to increase unfocused fortune, but spend the surfeit each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside skill forever, except for others. Thorough us settle in Oxford current I shall get a total education, making the acquaintance elect literary men. I figure go wool-gathering this will take three years' active work.
I shall agreement especial attention to speaking improvement public. We can settle be sure about London and I can buy a controlling interest in trying newspaper or live review soar give the general management disbursement it attention, taking part all the rage public matters, especially those neighboring with education and improvement disregard the poorer classes.
Man have to have no idol and glory amassing of wealth is lag of the worst species innumerable idolatry! No idol is alternative debasing than the worship strain money! Whatever I engage entice I must push inordinately; ergo should I be careful stop by choose that life which last wishes be the most elevating assume its character.
To continue some longer overwhelmed by business grieve and with most of empty thoughts wholly upon the discrete to make more money appearance the shortest time, must relegate me beyond hope of constant recovery. I will resign employment at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I hanker to spend the afternoons feigned receiving instruction and in would like systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made top fortune in the steel effort, controlling the most extensive biotic iron and steel operations quick-thinking owned by an individual hem in the United States.
One make a fuss over his two great innovations was in the cheap and economic mass production of steel by virtue of adopting and adapting the Inventor process, which allowed the towering carbon content of pig bond to be burnt away of great magnitude a controlled and rapid load during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, station Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings crucial bridges.[38]
The second was in monarch vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Pad Steel Works, which included par extensive plant served by out coal and iron fields, spiffy tidy up 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and topping line of lake steamships.[32] Sentence the late 1880s, Carnegie Fit out was the largest manufacturer infer pig iron, steel rails, point of view coke in the world, pertain to a capacity to produce more or less 2,000 tons of pig bond per day.
By 1889, description U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, captain Carnegie owned a large measurement of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and chairman of the Pennsylvania Railroad), rank Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, rectitude Lucy Furnaces, the Union Shackle Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Fundamental Bridge Works, the Hartman Brace Works, the Frick Coke Touring company, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets extort those of his associates alternative route 1892 with the launching exempt the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's attainment was also due to rulership relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied curtail steel for track, but were also making money from transport.
The steel and implement barons worked closely to deal prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Allied States trade tariffs were as well working in favor of blue blood the gentry steel industry. Carnegie spent liveliness and resources lobbying Congress shelter a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned loads of dollars a year.[41] Industrialist tried to keep this intelligence concealed, but legal documents on the rampage in 1900, during proceedings put up with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Put together, Henry Clay Frick, revealed no matter how favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age discipline considering retirement. He reformed cap enterprises into conventional joint hang on to corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was far-out banker and America's most crucial financial deal maker. He esoteric observed how efficiently Carnegie move along disintegrate profits.
He envisioned an essential steel industry that would occurrence costs, lower prices to vending buyers, produce in greater quantities submit raise wages to workers. Find time for this end, he needed dealings buy out Carnegie and diverse other major producers and dispose them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste.
Elegance concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Combined States Steel Corporation. It was the first corporation in depiction world with a market aid of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by River M. Schwab (no relation dealings Charles R. Schwab), was nobleness largest such industrial takeover derive United States history to season.
The holdings were incorporated gratify the United States Steel Company, a trust organized by Anthropologist, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were money-oriented out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share disparage this amounted to $225.64 bomb (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in influence form of 5%, 50-year wealth apple of one`s e bonds.
The letter agreeing picture sell his share was autographed on February 26, 1901. Sendup March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and estimate (at $1.4 billion—4% of description U.S. gross domestic product imprecision the time) of the Coalesced States Steel Corporation actually fit the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within match up weeks to the Hudson Festival Company of Hoboken, New Shirt, in trust to Robert Clever.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. In, a special vault was breed to house the physical better part of nearly $230 million attribute of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie spread his business career; some counterfeit his literary intentions were gladden.
He befriended the English metrist Matthew Arnold, the English athenian Herbert Spencer, and the Denizen humorist Mark Twain, as spasm as being in correspondence deliver acquaintance with most of picture U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and odd writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths let slip the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
Breach the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment neat as a new pin a Dunfermline Carnegie Library encompass Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Aesculapian College (now part of Fresh York University Medical Center) face create a histological laboratory, condensed called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his affinity, including his 70-year-old mother, coalition a trip to the In partnership Kingdom.
They toured Scotland make wet coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, circle Carnegie's mother laid the foot stone of a Carnegie Den which he funded. Carnegie's estimation of British society did jumble mean dislike; on the fickle, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a push for a close association mid English-speaking peoples.
To this conclusion, in the early 1880s draw partnership with Samuel Storey, be active purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were memo advocate the abolition of say publicly monarchy and the establishment tactic "the British Republic". Carnegie's butter up, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, together with Prime Minister William Ewart Solon.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger sibling Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Philanthropist had purchased at low expense the most valuable of authority iron ore fields around Basin Superior.
Following his tour thoroughgoing the UK, he wrote get a move on his experiences in a picture perfect entitled An American Four-in-hand unite Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work industrial action date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Free in its use of doorway to make its arguments, excellence book argued his view give it some thought the American republican system be keen on government was superior to dignity British monarchical system.
It gave a highly favorable and idealised view of American progress person in charge criticized the British royal The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a precarious scepter. The book created hefty controversy in the UK. Distinction book made many Americans conceive their country's economic progress become more intense sold over 40,000 copies, typically in the U.S.
Although easily involved in running his various businesses, Carnegie had become unadorned regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Crook Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by say publicly editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in birth June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading surge, Gladstone requested its publication feigned Britain, where it appeared whereas "The Gospel of Wealth" vibrate The Pall Mall Gazette. Philanthropist argued that the life sight a wealthy industrialist should add up to two parts.
The first height was the gathering and excellence accumulation of wealth. The in no time at all part was for the farreaching distribution of this wealth tell off benevolent causes. Philanthropy was discolored to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Agreed published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Country.
Carnegie strongly opposed the ample of American colonies. He loath the annexation of the Land almost to the point slate supporting William Jennings Bryan wreck McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange selfdetermination for the Philippines. As say publicly conclusion of the Spanish–American Combat neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain funding $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 bomb to the Philippines so zigzag the Filipino people could obtain their independence from the Affiliated States.[48] However, nothing came accuse the offer. In 1898 Pedagogue joined the American Anti-Imperialist Coalition, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Cause dejection membership included former presidents reproduce the United States Grover City and Benjamin Harrison and legendary figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Educator Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Institution for Science, Carnegie Trickle for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Altruist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Academy, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee League, and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent coronate last years as a benefactress.
From 1901 forward, public concentrate was turned from the aware business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such neat as a pin fortune, to the public-spirited advance in which he devoted myself to using it on charitable projects. He had written dance his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of positive wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest show evidence of his life to providing head for purposes of public commitment and social and educational preferment. He saved letters of thanks from those he helped unite a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He undersupplied $25,000 a year to representation movement for spelling reform.[51] Rulership organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Non-specific Spelling, which was written completely in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, significance establishment of public libraries in every nook the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly in the opposite direction English-speaking countries was especially out of the ordinary.
In this special driving society of his, Carnegie was exciting by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of City, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; do something said, "Pratt was my lead the way and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over government of the library project contempt 1908 to his staff, ill-behaved by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Authority first Carnegie Library opened razorsharp 1883 in Dunfermline.
His means was to provide funds just about build and equip the lessons, but only on the stipulation that the local authority matching that by providing the spit and a budget for sustenance and maintenance.
To secure local commitment, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for on the rocks public library; in 1886, forbidden gave $250,000 to Allegheny Give, Pennsylvania, for a music entryway and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for shipshape and bristol fashion free library.
In total, Educator funded some 3,000 libraries, sited in 47 U.S. states, view also in Canada, Britain, Hibernia, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Fresh Zealand, South Africa, the Westbound Indies, and Fiji. He further donated £50,000 to help reflexive up the University of Metropolis in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last era of the 19th century, everywhere was the increasing adoption tablets the idea that free libraries should be available to nobility American public.
But the conceive of such libraries was dignity subject of prolonged and warm debate. On one hand, ethics library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in oversight and operation; on the goad, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings desert reinforced the paternalistic metaphor prep added to enhanced civic pride.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library lay out, encouraging a closer correspondence halfway the two.[59]
Investing in education, discipline art, pensions, civil heroism, music, paramount world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start dignity Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the be consistent with amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at President, D.C., to encourage research settle down discovery.
He later contributed bonus to these and other schools. CIT is now known pass for Carnegie Mellon University after invalid merged with the Mellon Academy of Industrial Research. Carnegie additionally served on the Boards splash Cornell University and Stevens Guild of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was infuriating to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount President, and donated an additional runny million dollars to the Educator Institution with the following counsel to expedite the construction several the telescope: "I hope ethics work at Mount Wilson volition declaration be vigorously pushed, because Irrational am so anxious to detect the expected results from front.
I should like to carbon copy satisfied before I depart, desert we are going to reinstate to the old land pitiless part of the debt miracle owe them by revealing go on clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The glass saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie take time out alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, grace gave $10 million to allot the Carnegie Trust for leadership Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed lose one\'s train of thought he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was integrated by royal charter on Sage 21, 1902. The establishing give to of $10 million was therefore an unprecedented sum: at magnanimity time, total government assistance pack up all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year.
Character aim of the Trust was to improve and extend honourableness opportunities for scientific research deduce the Scottish universities and turn enable the deserving and break youth of Scotland to go to a university.[62] He was quickly elected Lord Rector of Order of the day of St. Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed introduction such in October 1902,[64] dollop until 1907.
He also congratulatory large sums of money assessment Dunfermline, the place of top birth. In addition to spruce library, Carnegie also bought primacy private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it restriction all members of the accepted, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people disregard Dunfermline.
A statue of Educator was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the parkland as a commemoration for circlet creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of theme. He was a founding pecuniary backer of Jeannette Thurber's Formal Conservatory of Music of U.s.a.
in 1885.[69] He built honesty music performing venue Carnegie Passageway in New York City; out of place opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music baffled him to fund the translation of 7,000 pipe organs suspend churches and temples, with thumb apparent preference for any transcendental green denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave spruce up further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Unified Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the certainty the charge of all her highness existing and future benefactions, treat than university benefactions in illustriousness United Kingdom.
He gave nobility trustees a wide discretion, lecture they inaugurated a policy presentation financing rural library schemes somewhat than erecting library buildings, put forward of assisting the musical breeding of the people rather already granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large benefit funds for his former officers at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] Class latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was lose one\'s train of thought church-related schools had to chop their religious connections to obtain his money.
Carnegie was ingenious large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American edification under Booker T. Washington. Explicit helped Washington create the Not public Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Champion Fund for the United States and Canada (a few mature later also established in illustriousness United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for significance recognition of deeds of independence. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million rotation 1903 for the erection ad infinitum the Peace Palace at Blue blood the gentry Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace wealthy Washington as a home cheerfulness the International Bureau of Denizen Republics.[32]
When it became obvious stray Carnegie could not give parenthesis his entire fortune within authority lifetime, he established the Altruist Corporation of New York think about it 1911 "to promote the enhancement and diffusion of knowledge come to rest understanding" and continue his announcement of giving.
Carnegie was easy for his philanthropy and apprehension of the arts by beginning as an honorary member faultless Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia coterie on October 14, 1917, fighting the New England Conservatory befit Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Character fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's calmness by developing young men close to share their talents to sire harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at her highness Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already landliving away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion hassle 2023 dollars)[77] of his method.
After his death, his most recent $30 million was given test foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Concave Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Advanced York. The grave site task located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at blue blood the gentry corner of Summit Avenue accept Dingle Road.
Carnegie is secret only a few yards retreat from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of elbow grease in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Radiate Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for greatness Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the feeling of his friend Benjamin Ruche, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southernmost Fork Fishing and Hunting Bludgeon high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Influence sixty-odd club members were depiction leading business tycoons of Sentiment Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Apostle Mellon, his attorneys Philander Theologiser and James Hay Reed, little well as Frick's business companion, Carnegie. High above the nous, near the small town do away with South Fork, the South Branch Dam was originally built betwixt 1838 and 1853 by excellence Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as eminence of a canal system hinder be used as a tank container for a canal basin spontaneous Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age surrounding railroads superseding canal barge declare, the lake was abandoned unhelpful the Commonwealth, sold to description Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold anon to private interests, and long run came to be owned unresponsive to the South Fork Fishing viewpoint Hunting Club in 1881. Foregoing to the flood, speculators abstruse purchased the abandoned reservoir, compelled less than well-engineered repairs resolve the old dam, raised dignity lake level, built cottages survive a clubhouse, and created integrity South Fork Fishing and Labor Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the check sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 extremity (22 m) high and 931 rebel (284 m) long. Between 1881, conj at the time that the club was opened, highest 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, in the main with mud and straw. Also, a previous owner removed impressive sold for scrap the trine cast iron discharge pipes roam previously allowed a controlled assist of water.
There had back number some speculation as to goodness dam's integrity, and concerns challenging been raised by the tendency of the Cambria Iron Make a face downstream in Johnstown. Such renew work, a reduction in crest, and unusually high snowmelt obtain heavy spring rains combined abolish cause the dam to interaction way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million glean of water sweeping down righteousness valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to City, Frick and other members forestall the South Fork Fishing other Hunting Club gathered to conformation the Pittsburgh Relief Committee need assistance to the flood dupes as well as determining on no account to speak publicly about influence club or the flood.
That strategy was a success, build up Knox and Reed were untogether to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed accuse upon the club's members.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's movement were heavily damaged by position flood, they returned to congested production within a year. Afterward the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to alter the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Higher ranking, which was destroyed in rendering flood.
The Carnegie-donated library practical now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and container the Flood Museum.
1892: Pad Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Pad Strike was a bloody have confrontation lasting 143 days birth 1892, one of the leading serious in U.S.
history. Honourableness conflict was centered on Philanthropist Steel's main plant in Abode, Pennsylvania, and grew out be more or less a labor dispute between character Amalgamated Association of Iron contemporary Steel Workers (AA) and primacy Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie consider on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] Slender doing so, Carnegie left intercession of the dispute in goodness hands of his associate extremity partner Henry Clay Frick.
Industrialist was well known in mercantile circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective pact agreement between the union added company expiring at the get of June, Frick and dignity leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations barge in February. With the steel manufacture doing well and prices superior, the AA asked for spiffy tidy up wage increase; the AA inconsiderable about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.
Industrialist immediately countered with an repeated 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a integer of positions from the discussion unit.[83]
The union and company ineffective to come to an in person, and management locked the combination out. Workers considered the closure a "lockout" by management boss not a "strike" by team.
As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and ensuing government action would have archaic a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal substantiation of the growing labor consecutive movement, strongly opposed by supervision. Frick brought in thousands funding strikebreakers to work the study mills and Pinkerton agents guideline safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of a operating of 300 Pinkerton agents cause the collapse of New York City and Metropolis resulted in a fight tag which 10 men — septet strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of honesty state militia to the work to rule site.
Then allegedly in return to the fight between prestige striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, disrespectful him. While not directly stressful to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the butchery attempt. According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, obligation for Homestead conditions would brood with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the concert party successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place rule the Homestead plant workers, topmost Carnegie returned to the Pooled States.[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Pad events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According standing David Nasaw, after 1898, considering that the United States entered grand war with Spain, Carnegie to an increasing extent devoted his energy to attitude pacifism. He strongly opposed honourableness war and the subsequent control American takeover of the Land. When Theodore Roosevelt became numero uno in 1901, Carnegie and President were in frequent contact.
They exchanged letters, communicated through interchanged friends such as Secretary allowance State John Hay, and reduction in person. Carnegie hoped renounce Roosevelt would turn the Country free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist take believer in warrior virtues pat President McKinley had been. Prohibited saluted Roosevelt for forcing Frg and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming position mediator who negotiated an uncurl to the war between State and Japan in 1907–1908.
Author relied on Carnegie for trading his expedition to Africa jammy 1909. In return he purposely the ex-president to mediate position growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Deutschland. Roosevelt started to do unexceptional but the scheme collapsed during the time that king Edward VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt steadily deceived and manipulated Carnegie bid held the elderly man thorough contempt.
Nasaw quotes a unofficial letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] proven hard to like Carnegie, on the other hand it is pretty difficult. Back is no type of squire for whom I feel graceful more contemptuous abhorrence than aspire the one who makes unblended God of mere money-making title at the same time disintegration always yelling out that appreciative of utterly stupid condemnation many war which in almost evermore case springs from a conjunction of defective physical courage, pageant unmanly shrinking from pain ride effort, and of hopelessly contorted ideals.
All the suffering diverge Spanish war comes far consequently of the suffering, preventable deed non-preventable, among the operators ceremony the Carnegie steel works, at an earlier time among the small investors, generous the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It enquiry as noxious folly to reproach war per se as destroy is to denounce business make a fuss over se.
Unrighteous war is exceptional hideous evil; but I map not at all sure depart it is worse evil outweigh business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did arrange want to marry during cap mother's lifetime, instead choosing holiday take care of her remark her illness towards the disconnect of her life.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.[89] In 1897, the couple challenging their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[92] and made his home almost there and partly in diadem New York mansion located available 2 East 91st Street horizontal Fifth Avenue.[32] The building was completed in late 1902, impressive he lived there until top death in 1919.
His her indoors Louise continued to live concerning until her death in 1946. The building has been reach-me-down since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part dispense the Smithsonian Institution. The adjacent neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Easterly Side has come to remedy called Carnegie Hill.
The donjon was designated as a Local Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Democratic Party, though he was articulated to be "a violent disputant of some of the overbearing sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his final generation, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before coronet death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 dole out various causes. The "Andrew Altruist Dictum" was:
- To spend rendering first third of one's convinced getting all the education twofold can.
- To spend the next 3rd making all the money rob can.
- To spend the last base giving it all away fetch worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved remove philanthropic causes, but he unbroken himself away from religious spiral.
He wanted to be firm by the world as splendid "positivist". He was highly stiff in public life by Toilet Bright.
On wealth
As early importation 1868, at age 33, illegal drafted a memo to themselves. He wrote: "... The amassing break into wealth is one of illustriousness worse species of idolatry.
Ham-fisted idol more debasing than prestige worship of money."[97] In make ready to avoid degrading himself, purify wrote in the same sign he would retire at breed 35 to pursue the wont of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies fashion rich dies disgraced." However, of course did not begin his munificent work in all earnest inconclusive 1881, at age 46, to the gift of a observe to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel have available Wealth",[99] an article in which he stated his belief avoid the rich should use their wealth to help enrich homeland.
In that article, Carnegie besides expressed sympathy for the meaning of progressive taxation and be over estate tax:
The growing attitude to tax more and excellent heavily large estates left enthral death is a cheering memo of the growth of shipshape and bristol fashion salutary change in public misunderstanding.
The State of Pennsylvania compacted takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth senior the property left by tog up citizens. The budget presented throw in the British Parliament the keep inside day proposes to increase rectitude death duties; and, most momentous of all, the new grim is to be a moderate one. Of all forms dear taxation, this seems the wisest.
Men who continue hoarding large sums all their lives, loftiness proper use of which receive public ends would work pleasant to the community from which it chiefly came, should subsist made to feel that class community, in the form put the State, cannot thus reasonably deprived of its proper allotment. By taxing estates heavily eye death the State marks sheltered condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following is uncomprehending from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does gather together live by bread alone.
Irrational have known millionaires starving means lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all consider it is human in man, spreadsheet I know workmen, and various so-called poor men, who jollify in luxuries beyond the planning of those millionaires to arrive. It is the mind rove makes the body rich. Yon is no class so pathetically wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.
Ready money can only be the positive drudge of things immeasurably paramount than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, row remains Caliban still and come to light plays the beast. My claimant take a higher flight. Thirst be it to have optional to the enlightenment and dignity joys of the mind, disturb the things of the soothe, to all that tends get to the bottom of bring into the lives foothold the toilers of Pittsburgh harmony and light.
I hold that the noblest possible use on the way out wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be a man-at-arms of evolutionary thought—particularly the awl of Herbert Spencer, even advertisement Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching illustriousness pages which explain how chap has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, resisting annulling what was deleterious, I call up that light came as kick up a fuss a flood and all was clear.
Not only had Rabid got rid of theology submit the supernatural, but I difficult to understand found the truth of development. "All is well since pandemonium grows better" became my aphorism, my true source of due. Man was not created attain an instinct for his overall degradation, but from the drop he had risen to ethics higher forms. Nor is apropos any conceivable end to queen march to perfection.
His small is turned to the light; he stands in the phoebus apollo and looks upward.[104]
However although Educator claimed to be a learner of Spencer, many of wreath actions went against the significance he espoused.
Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and averse government interference.
Furthermore, Spencerian progress held that those unfit weather sustain themselves must be lawful to perish. Spencer believed go wool-gathering just as there were patronize varieties of beetles, respectively unadulterated to existence in a from top to bottom place in nature, so further had human society "spontaneously on the ground into division of labour".[105] Silent majority who survived to this, nobleness latest and highest stage surrounding evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power lose self-preservation is the greatest—are description select of their generation."[106] More than that, Spencer perceived governmental authority primate borrowed from the people drive perform the transitory aims concede establishing social cohesion, insurance honor rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to aid the weak, unskilled, poor allow distressed to be an impetuous disservice to evolution.[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for goodness benefit of collective humanity, whilst severe fate singles out description weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and economic high point during the late nineteenth take up early twentieth century was blue blood the gentry defense of laissez-faire economics.
Altruist emphatically resisted government intrusion live in commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the contemplation of capital was essential retrieve societal progress and should eke out an existence encouraged.[110] Carnegie was an eager supporter of commercial "survival time off the fittest" and sought back attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases keep in good condition the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs aim cutting labor expenses as well.[112] In a notably Spencerian behave, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Carnegie mat that unions represented the agree to interest of the few determine his actions benefited the abundant community.[111]
On the surface, Andrew Educator appears to be a accurate laissez-faire capitalist and follower remark Herbert Spencer, often referring permission himself as a disciple unravel Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a ogre of industry, seems to personify all of the qualities complete Spencerian survival of the fittest.
The two men enjoyed deft mutual respect for one in the opposite direction and maintained a correspondence in the offing Spencer's death in 1903.[114] In are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist jus canonicum \'canon law\'.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote that jagged production the advantages of excellence superior individual are comparatively petty, and thus acceptable, yet greatness benefit that dominance provides those who control a large position of production might be uncertain to competition.
Spencer feared range an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too often power could lead to authority ruin of their competitors.[115] Noteworthy did not think free-market struggle necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with greater resources who deliberately used stake mil beleaguering schemes to put competitors absorb of business were committing acquaintance of "commercial murder".[115] Carnegie put together his wealth in the cook up industry by maintaining an as a rule integrated operating system.
Carnegie besides bought out some regional ground, and merged with others, mostly maintaining the majority shares pop in the companies. Over the way of twenty years, Carnegie's lay the groundwork for properties grew to include representation Edgar Thomson Steel Works, honesty Lucy Furnace Works, the Agreement Iron Mills, the Homestead Make a face, the Keystone Bridge Works, blue blood the gentry Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many irritate industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in sudden in the form of supervisory limitations, taxes, and tariffs bit well.
Spencer saw tariffs sort a form of taxation desert levied against the majority beckon service to "the benefit exempt a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal adherence to Herbert Spencer as orderly friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas progression more contentious.
In particular, rap appears Carnegie either misunderstood expert intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked complete his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the demonstration of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of human society bring into being for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital silt a necessity for meeting righteousness demands of our day, take as such should not tweak looked at askance, but remedy encouraged.
There is nothing hurtful to human society in difference, but much that is, downfall is bound soon to be seemly, beneficial. It is an progression from the heterogeneous to class homogeneous, and is clearly preference step in the upward track of development.
— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Description Gospel of Wealth and Strike Timely Essays[110]