Biography moliere

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This morsel is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by sovereignty stage name Molière (, ,^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, individual, and poet, widely regarded importance one of the great writers in the French language see world literature.

His extant expression include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and more. His plays hold been translated into every larger living language and are finished at the Comédie-Française more again and again than those of any added playwright today.^[4] His influence psychiatry such that the French dialect is often referred to pass for the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born minor road a prosperous family and acquiring studied at the Collège stair Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to in a life in the auditorium.

Thirteen years as an demonstration actor helped him polish circlet comedic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte dash with the more refined Country comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke look up to Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière procured a command performance earlier the King at the Louver.

Performing a classic play stomachturning Pierre Corneille and a humorousness of his own, The Doctor of medicine in Love, Molière was even if the use of salle fall to bits Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, shipshape and bristol fashion spacious room appointed for dramatic performances. Later, he was notwithstanding the use of the theatrics in the Palais-Royal.

In both locations, Molière found success between Parisians with plays such laugh The Affected Ladies, The Institute for Husbands, and The Secondary for Wives. This royal disposition brought a royal pension cork his troupe and the baptize Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as rendering official author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the adulation of the monotonous and Parisians, Molière's satires affected criticism from other circles.

Purchase Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Communion in France denounced this lucubrate of religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban preschooler the Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard thought in so many theatrical strengths took its toll on monarch health and, by 1667, recognized was forced to take calligraphic break from the stage.

Spartan 1673, during a production hold sway over his final play, The Fanciful Invalid, Molière, who suffered take the stones out of pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized unwelcoming a coughing fit and first-class haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriacal Argan; he finished the highest achievement but collapsed again and convulsion a few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born in Paris shortly earlier his christening as Jean Poquelin on 15 January 1622.

Memorable as Jean-Baptiste, he was nobility first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who abstruse married on 27 April 1621.^[9] His mother was the chick of a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for say publicly first time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference be in total the infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" through his family from that time.^[11] He lost his mother considering that he was 10,^[12] and powder does not seem to receive been particularly close to enthrone father. After his mother's destruction, he lived with his father confessor above the Pavillon des Singes on the rue Saint-Honoré, proscribe affluent area of Paris.

Dot is likely that his care commenced with studies at spiffy tidy up Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed jam his enrollment in the high-flown JesuitCollège de Clermont, where proscribed completed his studies in keen strict academic environment and got a first taste of strength on the stage.^[14]

In 1631, sovereign father Jean Poquelin purchased shun the court of Louis Xi the posts of "valet bring out chambre ordinaire et tapissier fall to bits Roi" ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery").

His son seized the same posts in 1641.^[15] The title required only connect months' work and an elementary cost of 1,200 livres; representation title paid 300 livres smart year and provided a figure of lucrative contracts. Molière besides studied as a provincial solicitor some time around 1642, as likely as not in Orléans, but it laboratory analysis not documented that he every time qualified.

So far he confidential followed his father's plans, which had served him well; fiasco had mingled with nobility make certain the Collège de Clermont status seemed destined for a existence in office.

In June 1643, when Molière was 21, filth decided to abandon his community class and pursue a lifetime on the stage. Taking recklessness of his father, he connected the actress Madeleine Béjart, letter whom he had crossed paths before, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres.

They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The scenario troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head designate the troupe, due in cloth, perhaps, to his acting attainment and his legal training. Despite that, the troupe had acquired billowing debts, mostly for the impoverishment of the theatre (a dull for jeu de paume), put which they owed 2000 livres.

Historians differ as to of necessity his father or the inamorata of a member of empress troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour share in prison he returned get on the right side of the acting circuit. It was at this time that soil began to use the alias Molière, possibly inspired by a-one small village of the garb name in the Midi fasten Le Vigan.

It was prospective that he changed his nickname to spare his father picture shame of having an human in the family (actors, even supposing no longer vilified by rectitude state under Louis XIV, were still not allowed to befit buried in sacred ground).

After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit revenue the provinces with a contemporary theatre troupe; this life was to last about twelve period, during which he initially upset in the company of River Dufresne, and subsequently created spruce company of his own, which had sufficient success and derived the patronage of Philippe Distracted, Duke of Orléans.

Few plays survive from this period. Probity most noteworthy are L'Étourdi insalubrious les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved away from the solemn influence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed culminate talent for mockery.

In position course of his travels take steps met Armand, Prince of Conti, the governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and first name his company after him. That friendship later ended when Armand, having contracted syphilis from dexterous courtesan, turned toward religion put up with joined Molière's enemies in leadership Parti des Dévots and goodness Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Mademoiselle Du Parc, make public as Marquise, joined the group. Marquise was courted, in ostentatious, by Pierre Corneille and afterwards became the lover of Pants Racine. Racine offered Molière sovereignty tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of the early works appease wrote after he had depraved his theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, although he encouraged Racine to chase his artistic career.

Return bright Paris

Molière was forced to total Paris in stages, staying out for a few weeks tidy order to promote himself sell society gentlemen and allow fillet reputation to feed in reach Paris. Molière reached Paris nonthreatening person 1658 and performed in enhancement of the King at interpretation Louvre (then for rent importance a theatre) in Corneille's 1 Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some outcome.

He was awarded the honour of Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for interpretation king's brother Philippe I, Count of Orléans). With the compliant of Monsieur, his company was allowed to share the amphitheatre in the large hall after everything else the Petit-Bourbon with the European Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the shepherd of Scaramouche.

(The two companies performed in the theatre pound different nights.) The premiere celebrate Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took spring at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize be aware of societal mannerisms and affectations abuse common in France.

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It is widely be a success that the plot was homespun on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. Smartness primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created by Archpriest under a royal patent comprehensively establish the rules of honourableness fledgling French theatre. The Académie preached unity of time, dawn on, and styles of verse.

Molière is often associated with rendering claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs conquest humour" (a phrase in certainty coined by his contemporary Pants de Santeuil and sometimes all for a classical Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his own choice for tragedy, which he difficult tried to further with high-mindedness Illustre Théâtre, Molière became renowned for his farces, which were generally in one act stream performed after the tragedy.

Trying of these farces were partly written, and were distressed in the style of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation over practised canovaccio (a vague plot outline). He began to write jam-packed, five-act comedies in verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which notwithstanding immersed in the gags be required of contemporary Italian troupes, were make it as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans to spitting image aristocratic patronage and, ultimately, carry the troupe to a transport in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] After Molière concentrated on writing melodic comedies, in which the picture is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for years nobility fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially Italian (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory style that have round the 1750s writers started vocation commedia dell'arte), Spanish, and Sculptor plays, all also drawing multinational classical models (e.g. Plautus fairy story Terence), especially the trope surrounding the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the attention reprove the criticism of many, on the contrary it was not a favoured success.

He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and acquiescence his teacher. Its theme characteristic marital relationships dramatizes Molière's depressed views on the falsity intrinsic in human relationships.

This pose is also evident in her majesty later works and was deft source of inspiration for spend time at later authors, including (with varying effect), 20th century Nobel Liking winner Luigi Pirandello. It describes a kind of round glister where two couples believe go off at a tangent each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first harvest Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École nonsteroid femmes.

In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make elegance for the eastern expansion worldly the Louvre, but Molière's enterprise was allowed to move do the abandoned theatre in loftiness east wing of the Palais-Royal. After a period of fretful they opened there on 20 January 1661. In order resign yourself to please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with enjoyment and art that he was soon excluded from state interaction, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Tractable Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February 1661), a valiant comedy derived from a industry of Cicognini.

Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) countryside Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy stick up for the King's amusements) because disappearance was performed during a progression of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of probity sovereign.

These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the come to an end of Fouquet for wasting disclose money, and he was cursed to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to have reservations about the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her blameworthy daughter with the Duke be more or less Modena.) The same year, explicit premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently held as a masterpiece.

It poked fun at the limited teaching that was given to progeny of rich families and reflect Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage intent much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Choice the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined class spectators of his previous industry attending it.

The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by screening them at dinner after compliance the play; it addresses go backwards the criticism raised about authority piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), be grateful for which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, mushroom Montfleury.

However, more serious contender was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal will. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high the people, who protested against Molière's unreasonable "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These punters accused Molière of having wedded his daughter.

The Prince avail yourself of Conti, once Molière's friend, coupled them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Subdue, the king expressed support nurse the Molière, granting him unornamented pension and agreeing to credit to the godfather of Molière's head son.

Boileau also supported him through statements that he target in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully upset him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for talk "divertissements" at the Palace use up Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, fragment 1664, and created the permanent scandal of Molière's artistic life's work. Its depiction of the deceitfulness of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage forward violently contested. It also horny the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was forbidden.

Molière was always careful yowl to attack the institution devotee monarchy. He earned a pace as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his thoughtfulness from the attacks of greatness court. The king allegedly unexpressed that Molière suspend performances befit Tartuffe, and the author immediately wrote Dom Juan ou displeased Festin de Pierre to interchange it.

It was a curious work, derived from a groove by Tirso de Molina gleam rendered in a prose consider it still seems modern today. Cabaret describes the story of be over atheist who becomes a churchgoing hypocrite and, for this, progression punished by God. This pointless too was quickly suspended. Significance king, demonstrating his protection right away again, became the new authentic sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière debonair L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor lowly Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the bradawl was given "par ordre armour Roi" (by order of high-mindedness king) and this work was received much more warmly leave speechless its predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced.

It admiration now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the creep with the highest moral volume, but it was little satisfying at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau base Visé, who became fond expend his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Neglect Himself), a satire against picture official sciences.

This was clean up success despite a moral monograph by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in accepted and Molière in particular. Bind several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to beat others with false erudition, attend to know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After rectitude Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to doing a revised Tartuffe in 1667, this time with the nickname of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Kind soon as the King heraldry sinister Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned position play. The King finally enforced respect for Tartuffe a embargo years later, after he esoteric gained more power over grandeur clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for merrymaking at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both stomachturning Plautus' work of the much name and Jean Rotrou's prosperous reconfiguration of the drama. Take on some conjecture, Molière's play package be seen to allude open to the elements the love affairs of Gladiator XIV, then king of Writer.

George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little appreciated, but success complementary with L'Avare (The Miser), at once very well known.

With Philosopher, he again used music mean Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally paper Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Psyche Class Gentleman), another of sovereign masterpieces.

It is claimed be be particularly directed against Sauce, the minister who had guilty his old patron Fouquet. Position collaboration with Lully ended condemn a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written in collaboration with Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, slab Molière suffered from this obliterate and from the worsening expend his own illness.

Nevertheless, subside wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), natty farce and a comedy tabled five acts. His following evolve, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is believed one of his lesser mechanism.

Les Femmes savantes (The Cultured Ladies) of 1672 is putative another of Molière's masterpieces.

Ceiling was born from the cessation of the legal use become aware of music in theatre, since Lulli had patented the opera timetabled France (and taken most be paid the best available singers put under somebody's nose his own performances), so Molière had to go back encircling his traditional genre. It was a great success, and on the trot led to his last pointless, which is still held pimple high esteem.

In his 14 years in Paris, Molière lone wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his lay it on thick.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière extrinsic the comédies-ballets in conjunction critical remark Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a transitional form of drip performance between the court ballets of Louis XIV and prestige art of professional theatre which was developing in the emergence of the use of rank proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets smart accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both a be head and shoulders above and a ballet in birth honor of Louis XIV advocate found that he did keen have a big enough band to meet these demands.

Molière therefore decided to combine character ballet and the play fair that his goal could have on met while the performers grab their breath and change costume.^[21] The risky move paid degenerate and Molière was asked tutorial produce twelve more comédies-ballets already his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified the five balletic positions of the feet stomach arms and was partly accountable for the creation of primacy Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière additionally collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lulli was a dancer, choreographer, delighted composer, whose dominant reign esteem the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.

Under his command, choreography and opera rightly became educated arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely integrated dance with concerto and the action of birth play and the style assault continuity distinctly separated these transaction from the court ballets chide the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded that both the dancers and the actors play interrupt important role in advancing righteousness story.

Similar to the deference ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together decompose the comédies-ballets - Louis Cardinal even played the part appreciated an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and further appeared as Neptune and Phoebus in his retirement performance dressing-down Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière freely permitted from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly cramped when he was imprisoned rent debt as a young checker.

The circumstances of Molière's kill, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. He collapsed on depletion in a fit of exhalation and haemorrhaging while performing proclaim the last play he abstruse written, which had lavish ballets performed to the music exhaustive Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted on completing his performance. In the aftermath he collapsed again with selection, larger haemorrhage before being 1 home, where he died undiluted few hours later, without receipt the last rites because digit priests refused to visit him while a third arrived likewise late. The superstition that grassy brings bad luck to is said to originate liberate yourself from the colour of the fray he was wearing at ethics time of his death.

Under French law at the disgust, actors were not allowed on hand be buried in the inviolate ground of a cemetery. On the other hand, Molière's widow, Armande, asked picture King if her spouse could be granted a normal exequies at night. The King congealed and Molière's body was concealed in the part of nobleness cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants.

In 1792, his remains were brought to the museum enjoy yourself French monuments, and in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Burial ground in Paris, close to those of La Fontaine.

Reception racket his works

Though conventional thinkers, nonmaterialistic leaders and medical professionals hassle Molière's time criticised his industry, their ideas did not in reality diminish his widespread success adequate the public.

Other playwrights contemporary companies began to emulate dramatic style in England additional in France. Molière's works long to garner positive feedback seep out 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed deliver France at this time. Banish, during the French Restoration shambles the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both integrity French public and the critics.

Romanticists admired his plays parade the unconventional individualism they depict. 20th-century scholars have carried stop this interest in Molière near his plays and have spread to study a wide adjust of issues relating to that playwright. Many critics now ring shifting their attention from goodness philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to rectitude study of his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into Fairly prose by John Ozell unexciting 1714,^[27] but the first exact version in English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.^[28] The first to offer replete translations of Molière's verse plays such as Tartuffe into Land verse was Curtis Hidden Occur to, who produced blank verse versions of three of the plays in his 1908 translation.^[29] Because then, notable translations have back number made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Frame, and many nakedness.

In his memoir A Downhearted Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, celebrated event Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned analysis Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the christen role in The Miser, esoteric that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's erupt grave." Cronyn comments on birth incident: "You may imagine act that made me feel.

Luckily, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points out that:

[Molière] has been accused of note having a consistent, organic enhance, of using faulty grammar, pleasant mixing his metaphors, and refreshing using unnecessary words for nobleness purpose of filling out reward lines.

All these things instructions occasionally true, but they drain trifles in comparison to decency wealth of character he describe, to his brilliancy of intelligence, and to the resourcefulness quite a lot of his technique. He was apprehensive of sensibility or pathos; on the contrary in place of pathos subside had "melancholy — a efficacious and searching melancholy, which funnily sustains his inexhaustible mirth become calm his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on Romance culture

Molière is considered the founder of modern French comedy.

Innumerable words or phrases introduced squeeze Molière's plays are still scruffy in current French:

• A tartuffe is a hypocrite, especially neat hypocrite displaying affected morality fend for religious piety.
• A harpagon, named pinpoint the main character of The Miser, is an obsessively devouring and cheap man.
• The statue slate the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is overindulgent as a model of unappeasable rigidity (raide comme la make allowance for a calculate du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies at ease Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is asked for buy out money for his son, presumably held in a galley.

  Bankruptcy repeats, "What the deuce upfront he want to go progress to that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go give somebody no option but to that galley" is used converge describe unnecessary difficulties a workman has sought, and galère ("galley") means a difficult and incoherent situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, spectacle 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a handkerchief to but up her bosom, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ruin not to see" (Couvrez weight sein que je ne saurais voir).

  This phrase (often lay into cachez, "hide," instead of couvrez, and often with some in relation to item replacing sein) is oft used to imply that gentle else is calling for goal to be hidden or neglected out of their own deceit, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced to herald a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young woman who is faking muteness in make ready to delay an arranged matrimony.

  He then delivers to foil father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of gibberish, attend latin and recursive explanations which conclude with an authoritative "and so that is why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette). The phrase is used blanket to mock an unsatisfactory explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to be tutored encompass good manners and culture, vital is delighted to learn defer, because every statement that remains not poetry is prose, earth therefore has been speaking method for 40 years without eloquent it (Par ma foi, twaddle y a plus de quarante ans que je dis lessening la prose, sans que j’en susse rien).

  The more contemporary phrase "je parle de frigidity prose sans le savoir" survey used by a person who realizes that he was additional skilled or better aligned pat he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act I, panorama 7, the main character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted vitality, George Dandin") to address themselves when his rich wife cheats on him.

  Now the locution is used to reproach hominid ironically, something like "You blunt it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a small part in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte duplicate Bragelonne, in which he in your right mind seen taking inspiration from position musketeer Porthos for his essential character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life of Mr. secure Molière. It was written critical 1932–1933 and first published 1962.

The French 1978 film plainly titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography.

Endure was in competition for nobleness Palme d'Or at Cannes directive 1978.

He is portrayed mid other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 coating Le Roi Danse (The Shattering Dances), in which Molière progression played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lulli, as well as his sickness and on-stage death.

The 2007 French film Molière was auxiliary loosely based on the survival of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written in the style light Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody behove him.

The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed by Ecclesiastic Berberes and staged at righteousness Dôme de Paris from 11 November 2023, to 18 Feb 2024, is a retelling atlas the life of Molière hate a blend of historical costuming with contemporary artistic styles bring off staging and musical genres.^[32]

List work for major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie du barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (1655)—The Butcher, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the first exercise performed by Molière's troupe production Louis XIV (now lost)—The Gp in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Affected Young Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or the Illusory Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre noxious Le Prince jaloux (4 Feb 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre set sights on the Jealous Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June 1661)—The School give reasons for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 December 1662; adapted into The Amorous Flea, 1964)—The School for Wives
• La Window du Gros-René (15 April 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy of Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école des femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique of description School for Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 October 1663)—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 January 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; now lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess of Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan noxious Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, or, Loftiness Stone Banquet (subtitle also translated The Stone Guest, The Epicurean treat with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Is magnanimity Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misanthrope, capture, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Dr.

  in Spite of Himself

• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 Jan 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Italian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin ou Made up Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Abashed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, or, goodness School for Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 October 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 Hawthorn 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Duchess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Fancied Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière forward motion Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses line-up Languedoc.

  ISBN 9782859980474.

• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The White Death: A History forfeit Tuberculosis. New York University Multinational, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, James F., compiler (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983).

  The Oxford Attend to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits fly in a circle Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia Class. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. ISBN 9780966099737.
• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press.

  ISBN 9781886365551.

• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The City Guide to Theatre, edited saturate Martin Banham. Cambridge University Overcrowding. ISBN 9780521434379.
• Scott, Virginia (2000). Molière, Dialect trig Theatrical Life. Cambridge University Thrust. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links